It would flash boil. Water boils at lower and lower temperatures as pressure decreased. That's why there are different cooking instructions on the back of the box for "high altitudes". Takes longer to cook something in Denver because things boil at a lower temperature.

In space the pressure is basically zero, so water just immediately boils.

It's called a hand-free positive airway pressure device, so my guess is it mimics pursed lip breathing. It probably functions like if you exhaled through a straw (probably larger diameter than a drinking straw), but had a valve so you can breathe in unrestricted. I'm guessing it fits like a mask, hence the hands-free part.

That exhaling against resistance helps stent open the terminal bronchioles to allow CO2 to more effectively escape. We'll often coach patients to "smell the flowers, blow out the candles" for a breathing exercise to do this same thing. Breathing out through pursed lips creates "auto-PEEP" or auto Positive End Expiratory Pressure.

I would point out that when they're talking about exertion, it's not referring to jogging. Advanced and end-stage COPD folks get trouble breathing with simply walking to their car or to the bathroom. Many need walkers or canes, so having a hands-free device would indeed be important.

>in the past ten years or so weve developed some treatments for minor fractures that work pretty good

I think I saw one of those treatments in action once! Her name was Eight Bells, right?

Sexual intercourse with a secondary birth control in 1 week.

If I win, I'm going to post a picture of the ticket on Facebook and give $1,000 to everyone that "likes" it and $2,000 to everyone that "shares" it.

It's really the only sensible thing to do.

I'm a physician and routinely prescribe sedating medications. If I were taking care of a patient in that much pain, they could at least get an amnesic like midazolam. Phenobarbital is also very safe and long-acting for sedation. I understand that this is not really an opiate-responsive pain, but that's not the only possible intervention.

I'm not even an anesthesiologist. I feel like this would be well within their wheelhouse.

Why would it be dangerous? People undergo general anesthesia all the time.

Early diagnosis is key. That was the big issue with Ritter's case.

Doing an aorta surgery on a 97 year old has a huge mortality risk. It's like throwing a hail mary pass. You're a god if it works, but no one's mad if it flops lifelessly on the ground.