Thank you for your detailed responses. No other window wells show any indication of standing water, even though several other covers are cracked, including the other 2 on this side. The gutters do overflow from the roof in the middles because they are filled with leaves. I put off cleaning them because of many other moving issues that I've been dealing with daily after work. Lesson learned. The ground in the area wasn't particularly squishy compared to any other parts of my property this morning, but it seems like plenty of water did get into the well. I do think the well sits a bit tiny lower than the surrounding yard, although it does have a lip.

The gutters from the house run into the ground, which I think Google has told me may be the French drain that you mentioned. The flooded well is the middle of the side of the house. Is it possible it drains near there for some reason? I think we could fix this if the gutter drainage is the problem. Would I start by digging at the base of a gutter to find it?

Miles and miles of my area are at risk for mine subsistence, including my subdivision. (I have an insurance rider for this in case it results in damage to the home.) That makes me think that water table issues are unlikely.

Unfortunately, I think it is incredibly likely that they do not have much in the way of assets to recover through the legal system. They had 7 children, were behind on a number of the bills I had to transfer over, and have gotten a few other bills that I've returned to the post office. They sold the house for only a little over their purchase price from 2021.

I think I found the likely problem, though: picture

Maybe as the one visible drain shows signs of moisture but not this amount of water. I also discovered this window well this morning that is directly across from the leaky floor picture

Update: guessing this window well I opened up is the problem picture

I think this likely true. There is one drain that is visible elsewhere in the basement, and I found a very small amount of dampness near it. I will just have to look harder for the sump pump. My guess is that this drain is likely closer to the sump pump and thus overflowing more. Does that make sense? Trying to decide where to start pulling up floor to keep it to the smallest amount possible.

Be careful. When I messed with a few inches in 2 spots where the tape was pulling away in a corner, removing the tape pulled more away. I ended up having to redo 1/2 of the corner.