I heard they actually grow more pain receptors the longer they're on opioids.

UV irradiation works by ripping apart DNA, which then kills microbes. This is also how it gives you skin cancer. Organisms have evolved ways to prevent and repair this DNA damage with varying amounts of efficiency. A bacteria called Deinococcus radiodurans is the most efficient.

And WTH is a "technical" food additive? It sounds like how the word natural has lost all meaning.

I still have a side table like that.

In other cases, are multinucleated cells usually cancer?

CD is clinging to an untrue belief in the face of solid evidence that they're wrong. It's not choosing to not know something.

That's not what cognitive dissonance is.

If it's any part of the reward system it could be a really good target.

But this could be a trailhead for finding a treatment.

Substance use disorder is itself a mental illness.

Updoot for hydrological basins

I thought the most CO2 was emitted by industrial manufacturing, not private citizens.

Are the products of metabolism toxic at all?

Yes. The laws of physics are always working on the larger scale and the smaller scale. There's a lot of reasons why a car works, internal combustion engine, friction of the tires, blah blah blah, but ultimately it's fundamental physics.

Physical chemistry is the hardest undergraduate level class. There's a lot more to it than oil and water. But oil and water is the reason cell membranes exist.

Your question is more accurately a chemistry question than a biology question. More specifically physical chemistry. It is entirely a matter of molecules bumping into each other. Molecules have different types of surface area made up of different atom types --your carbon, oxygen and nitrogen mostly in biology. There are either favorable "sticky" interactions or unfavorable repulsive interactions with the surface types of other molecules.

Most intuitive example is how oil and water don't mix, that's unfavorable thermodynamics. But sugar and water do mix, that's favorable thermodynamics.

Evolution used these rules to build cells that function. If two molecules need to find each other to function, they evolved "sticky" parts that lock together.

"Weak" chemical interactions like dispersion forces. Chemical interactions control all molecular positions and functions in a cell. Behind this, it's all controlled by Gibb's free energy, enthalpy, and entropy.

These forces partition molecules to certain locations to control whether or not they function. Membraneless organelles are a fairly new discovery where people are seeing how important noncovalent interactions are.

Ultimately, every chemical reaction or noncovalent interaction that has ever happened from the beginning of time had to happen because it was thermodynamically favorable.

What's the difference between viscosity and cohesion?

To elaborate, there is a curving or curling process on gecko's toes/paws. They curl away from the surface to let go.

Do these arrest lines stay for life, or does bone remodeling eventually fade them? How long would that take?

Thank you! This is what I was looking for!

I'm interested in hearing more about this. Do you have resources?

Yes, if it's at all possible, you should leave a pile of leaves on a corner of your property for native insects to hibernate in.

Yeah, it's less reactive. Sugars are typically carbon rings, and if they reduce, that means the ring breaks open into a carbon chain. One end of the chain then has an aldehyde group which is available for chemical reactions. Sugars that stay in ring form are more stable, less reactive chemically.

Those are heat shock proteins that an animal manufactures in their own cells. These are small proteins that stabilize other proteins that help to prevent them from being denatured by high temperatures.