Sorry, only read the title. Still leaving this here, might be useful for some.

Quick way of doing it in your head: add 10% and then double it. It's not precise but pretty close.

Edit: sorry, it's the other way round. Lbs->kg would be dividing by 2 and substracting 10%

Check: 1lbs is 0.453592...kg

1/2 = 0.5

0.5 - 0.05 = 0.45 --> off by about 3.592g

The other way round: 1kg is 2.2046...lbs

1*2 = 2

2 + 0.2 = 2.2 --> off by about 0.0046lbs

As many said: whatever you rolled before, the next roll will always have a 1/6 chance of becoming any specifuc number. There's 6 different outcomes, each is equally likely.

I'd like to add: When figuring out the probability of the sum of multiple rolls, you look at the number of combinations that make that sum.

There's only one way to make a 2 with 2 rolls (1 and 1).

There are two ways of making a total of 3: 1+2 or 2+1

There are three ways of making a total of 4: 1+3, 3+1, 2+2

5 = 1+4, 4+1, 2+3 or 3+2

And so on.

The probability of a certain sum (12 for two sixes) is the number of combinations that give you that sum (1) divided by the total number of combinations there are (6*6), so it would be 1/36.

If you wanted another specific outcome, say the first die must be a 3 and the secomd one must be a 1, that's also 1/36. If the sum just has to be 4 the probability is 3/36 or 1/12.

There's an episode of the "A Problem Squared" Podcast where Matt Parker goes over that topic.

I think it was 008

https://open.spotify.com/episode/7AANYYNV5vAqckjPQeIkK8?si=yooZqI7hRuWrTp_tLQ6Y5g

Short answer: it is the projected area, not the real 3D surface area that is measured.